International divorce can undermine bid for spousal help

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Households at the moment are more and more cell, typically pushed by a work-from-anywhere mindset. However when a pair that has ties to multiple nation decides to separate, the query of which nation’s legal guidelines govern the break up can have important penalties.

For a partner in Ontario, the jurisdictional controversy arising from separation is especially acute when a divorce is granted outdoors of Canada. Merely put, the granting of a international divorce will extinguish the flexibility of a separated partner in Ontario to acquire spousal help beneath the legal guidelines of Canada and Ontario.

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This situation was lately earlier than the Courtroom of Enchantment for Ontario in two unrelated instances, choices for which had been launched in February.

Within the first case, the couple was married in 2012 in Russia, the place they resided on the time. The couple and their youngster moved to Ontario in March 2018 and have resided right here ever since. Simply days after transferring out of the household dwelling in November 2019, the husband utilized for a divorce in Russia.

Although the spouse objected that the divorce must be decided in Ontario, arguing that she wouldn’t be eligible to obtain spousal help from her husband beneath the legal guidelines of Russia, the Russian courtroom granted the divorce in January 2020.

In July of that yr, the spouse commenced courtroom proceedings in Ontario looking for spousal help. All through the Ontario courtroom continuing, it was understood that if the Russian divorce order was acknowledged in Canada, the spouse can be unable to pursue spousal help in Ontario.

The spouse argued the husband sought and obtained the Russian divorce for the particular function of avoiding his obligation to pay spousal help. In different phrases, the husband engaged in forum-shopping, the apply of selecting a courtroom location that can end in a extra beneficial end result.

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At trial, Justice Jana Steele of the Ontario Superior Courtroom of Justice agreed with the spouse and located the Russian divorce shouldn’t be acknowledged in Ontario. The choose famous that “the Russian divorce, which was obtained lower than two months after separation, offers (the husband) a back-door with which to flee his authorized obligations, and runs counter to the 4 spousal help targets set out in s. 15.2(6) of the Divorce Act.”

The husband appealed. In a ruling launched Feb. 28, Justice Jonathon George of the Courtroom of Enchantment for Ontario additionally agreed with the spouse and dismissed the husband’s attraction. In line with the choose, whereas “forum-shopping is not going to at all times violate our rules of morality, ‘unfair forum-shopping techniques’ most definitely will.”

In reaching his conclusion, Justice George pointed to the sturdy emphasis positioned on the values of partnership and equality in Canadian household legislation. It’s these values which underpin a partner’s entitlement to spousal help in Ontario.

In the end, the Russian divorce order was not acknowledged in Ontario and the spouse was in a position to pursue spousal help.

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The second case earlier than the Courtroom of Enchantment reached the other end result.

In that case, the couple was married in 1998 in Bangladesh, the place they resided with their three youngsters for many of the marriage. In 2015, the husband and kids obtained landed immigrant standing and moved to Canada the next yr. The spouse remained in Bangladesh.

Though the husband had sponsored the spouse for Canadian everlasting resident standing, he later gave her written discover of his intention to divorce her pursuant to the legal guidelines of Bangladesh. The spouse moved to Canada in February 2017, one month earlier than the Bangladeshi divorce grew to become efficient.

Three years later, the spouse commenced courtroom proceedings in Ontario whereby she sought a divorce and different reduction, together with that the husband pay spousal help.

The central situation within the Ontario courtroom proceedings, once more, was the popularity of the international divorce. Whereas the spouse mentioned the Bangladeshi divorce shouldn’t be acknowledged in Ontario, the truth that she had remarried in reliance on the Bangladeshi divorce weighed in favour of recognizing the international divorce in Ontario. Within the outcome, the Bangladeshi divorce was acknowledged in Ontario.

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Writing for the Courtroom of Enchantment for Ontario, Justice Julie Thorburn famous that the spousal help provisions in Ontario’s Household Regulation Act don’t “embrace the phrase ‘former partner’ when describing who might apply for help.” The choose continues: “Ontario instances have subsequently interpreted the Household Regulation Act as not allowing a former partner, corresponding to (the spouse), to hunt spousal help.”

Justice Thorburn famous that “except and till the wording within the Household Regulation Act is modified to outline ‘partner’ to explicitly embrace a former partner, or this line of instances is revisited, a celebration corresponding to (the spouse), to a international divorce, can not search spousal help beneath the Household Regulation Act.”

The choose concluded her evaluation by acknowledging that the laws, in its present kind, “may end in important hardship” for individuals who could also be entitled to spousal help in Ontario however for a divorce having been granted outdoors of Canada. Justice Thorburn identified that laws in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island ensures a declare for spousal help will survive a international divorce.

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For Justice Thorburn, the treatment is straightforward: “Addition of the phrases ‘or former partner’ to s. 30 of the Household Regulation Act to make sure that spouses who divorce in international jurisdictions can carry purposes for help in Ontario is a matter that, for my part, may very well be addressed by the Ontario legislature.”

For Ontario {couples} with connections to outdoors international locations, the instances are a reminder to rigorously perceive their rights, entitlements and obligations, each earlier than deciding to relocate and when separating or looking for a divorce.

Adam N. Black is a companion within the household legislation group at Torkin Manes LLP in Toronto.

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